The earliest examples are punishments for prisoners of war. Introduction Crucifixion as a punishment was practiced by several...
Roman
Public bathing was an essential part of ancient Roman urban life and an afternoon in the baths...
Pregnancy was dangerous in the ancient world due to relatively primitive prenatal care and obstetric medicine. Introduction...
Crassus joined Caesar and Pompey in the unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. Introduction Marcus...
While it is clear that the story was part of the founding mythology of Rome, its historicity...
Lucretia’s story provides an explanation for historical change in Rome through a recounting of sexual assault against...
Most land in ancient Greece and Rome was privately owned, used for agriculture, and influenced city layouts....
Augustus’ primary themes included revitalization of religion, virtues, and the honor of the Roman people. Religious Renewal...
Augustus is shown in his role of “Imperator”, the Commander-in-Chief of the army. Introduction Augustus of Prima...
Mussolini’s unearthing of the Mausoleum was part of a larger government program called the Bimillenario. Introduction The Mausoleum...
In the ancient Roman world, sexual pleasure was a cause for celebration rather than a source of...
The Rubicon has been one of the world’s most famous rivers ever since Julius Caesar crossed it....
The historical western European Christmas custom of electing a “Lord of Misrule” may have its roots in...
Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights. Introduction The...
Cavalry training for the new recruits (tironis) was long, about four months, and demanding. Introduction The Roman army consisted...
Bishop Ambrose wrote Theodosius a letter stating the emperor needed to demonstrate repentance for the massacre. Introduction...
Julius Caesar sought to create a calendar that remained aligned to the sun without any human intervention....
Although the first experiences with the founding of colonies were bad, the Romans continued the practice. The...
The aqueduct served a greater purpose than as just a water conduit. Introduction A triple tier of...
The term ‘zealot’ is from the Hebrew kanai/kana’im (those who are “zealous on behalf of God”). Introduction...
Because of their ancestry, plebeians were denied access to any political office or the priesthood. Introduction Plebeians were...
Judea came under Roman control in 63 BCE but was governed by client kings dependent on Roman...
Presenting a general model for the relationship between the population size and functional diversity. By Dr. John...
During the Roman Republic the citizens would elect almost all officeholders annually. Introduction Elections in the Roman...
Propaganda is ancient, and the tactics are timeless. While the game has moved on, the rules remain...
Suetonius said that Caligula, even in his nineteenth year, could not control his inherent cruelty and viciousness....
The empire’s expansion brought them into contact with a population of different customs, languages, and religions. Introduction...
Hot drinks and early bedtimes were key to a comfortable winter. Images of Italy and the Mediterranean generally...
Constantinople was made the new Ottoman capital, the massive Golden Gate of the Theodosian Walls was made...
Ultimately, it allowed Caesar to overthrow the Roman Republic and led to the establishment of the Imperial...