The notion of social class is still questioned as it becomes even more difficult to define in...
Economy
Though food costs rose for everyone, low-income families living in districts like the Lower East Side, were...
Guilds started as small associations of skilled artisans, experienced and confirmed experts in their field of handicraft....
Trades and trading practices varied over time and place throughout the Middle Ages. By Mark CartwrightHistorian Introduction...
It was justified by reference to historical myths that nobles and servile peasants were separated by courage...
During the war, the top “marginal rate” was 94%, but 94% of what? Recent history shows tax...
The economic decline was marked by a severe drop in population. By Dr. Murray N. RothbardHistorian and...
Wealthy landowners enclosed (privatized) the commons for their own profits, impoverishing many villagers. By Jay Walljasper Medieval...
Monetary, fiscal, military, political, and economic issues are all very much intertwined. Two centuries ago, in 1776,...
Banking was highly developed and subject to Roman Law, and money deposits were to be safeguarded and...
Direct taxation was not well-developed in ancient Greece. Introduction The economy of ancient Greece was defined largely...
The inventions themselves were not an immediately profitable investment throughout many parts of Europe during the 18th...
Working children were subject to very long work hours under harsh and dangerous conditions. Introduction The children...
The working environment was harsh and laborers had to work long hours for extremely low wages. Introduction...
The Industrial Revolution was a time of major change and adaptation. Introduction There are many aspects in...
We’ve always had those situations when we have to do the best trade-offs, especially when buying something...
Riis as a writer, photographer, lecturer, advocate, and ally for reform to address the poverty many ignored....
Social class was prevalent and largely property-based in the colonies. The Colonial Elite Overview In New England...
When it’s tough earning to put bread on the table, the best thing to do is look...
Colonial opulence had to be displayed behind closed doors. At first glance, the portrait appears to be...
In the 19th century, farm loans changed from a matter between associates into an impersonal, bureaucratic exchange....
City founders expected an outpost of New England. What they created was a paragon of immigrant civic...
As mid-century Americans moved to cities, Cara’s film helped to idealize isolated white communities. It’s a Wonderful...
It’s a Wonderful Life prescribed community and empathy as the remedy to a callous economic system. From...
How does Upton Sinclair’s representation of this community in The Jungle compare to the accounts of sociologists...
What were working conditions like in Chicago during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? What efforts...
Exploring how China’s economic and diplomatic ties to the outside world shaped its modern history. Originally published...
How were spices used by medieval Europeans, and why were spices so valuable in medieval Europe? Originally...
The Black Death struck in 1348, 1362, 1368, 1381, and continued even into the 18th century. 1348...
Where does economic power come from? Does it exist independently of the law? It seems obvious, even...