Guilds started as small associations of skilled artisans, experienced and confirmed experts in their field of handicraft....
History
Trades and trading practices varied over time and place throughout the Middle Ages. By Mark CartwrightHistorian Introduction...
King John has gone down in history as one of the very worst kings ever to sit...
His reign is described as a tyranny that justified the abolition of the monarchy. Introduction Lucius Tarquinius...
Vital Hasson was born into the Jewish community of Salonica, Greece. After World War II, he was...
A history of wild, irrational, killing hate and violence against others simply because of their race, nationality,...
This Western-style organizational form gradually spread from the medieval Latin west across the globe. Introduction A medieval...
The library-era, as we may call it, began with the publication of the Rule of S. Benedict...
The Roman Catholic Church regarded the sect as heretical, and the Vatican launched the Albigensian Crusade to...
Hildegard of Bingen was called the “Sibyl of the Rhine” because of her apocalyptic visions. Introduction Hildegard...
William Daniell’s prints of the new docks represented London’s modernization in particularly exultant terms. Introduction From 1800,...
The consequences of the revolt were limited. By Mark CartwrightHistorian Introduction The Peasants’ Revolt, also known as...
Ancient Chinese artists were not professionals but gentlemen amateurs (and a few ladies) who were also scholars....
We have more neurons in our cortices than any other species, courtesy of an early technology –...
Researchers say it’s time to finally discard a decades-old theory about the origins of human language. Introduction...
In pre-Columbian times, most of modern Central America was part of the Mesoamerican civilization. Introduction Central America...
By 2000 BCE, many agrarian village communities had been settled throughout the Andes and the surrounding regions....
There was new development toward life-likeness and a form of idealized realism. Kamakura Period (1185-1333): New Aesthetic...
The arts of Japan are profoundly intertwined with the country’s long and complex history. Introduction Japan’s arts...
India has often been overlooked, especially in the West, about the contributions of its rich history and...
Art is a wonderfully tangible pathway to past cultures. By Dr. Arathi Menon Introduction Art is a...
It was a matter of the right eclipse, the right place, and the right time. By Charles...
Humboldt almost invented the electric battery– in fact, he came very close. Alexander von Humboldt was born...
During one attack in 1393, Charles could not remember his name, did not know he was king,...
He is traditionally viewed as the second of the so-called “Mad Emperors,” the first being Caligula. Introduction...
He was the author of the Shāhnāmeh (Epic of Kings), the national epic of the Persian-speaking world....
Cyrus was far different from other kings of his time in the ways he chose to rule....
The very first scientific horse race poll, which took place 85 years ago, was shrouded in secrecy...
Roosevelt won the greatest electoral landslide since the beginning of the two-party system in the 1850s. Introduction...
Considering the Civil War, the re-issue of the charter and the formation of early forms of parliament....