Faith, science, and stargazing influenced everyday decisions in the Middle Ages. Introduction Humankind has always looked to...
Middle Ages
Examining the branch of Santmat, prevalent in the rural areas of Bihar, India. Abstract This paper focuses...
They saw the mind as an inherently jumpy thing. Medieval monks had a terrible time concentrating. And...
The Rus are first mentioned in the Annals of Saint-Bertin. Introduction Kievan Rus (862-1242 CE) was a...
After capturing Constantinople in 1204, the Fourth Crusaders established several states in former Byzantine territory. Starting from...
The discovery of lapis lazuli pigment preserved in the dental calculus of a religious woman in Germany...
After about 1244 CE, the city remained a backwater of the late medieval Muslim empires and would...
Jews living in Europe were easy, early targets for Crusaders while life was comparatively tranquil in Islamic...
The Notre Dame Cathedral wasn’t static. The design, as with most cathedrals, kept changing to keep up...
The Westerners managed to maintain a political presence in the region until 1291 CE but were constantly...
The Albigensian Crusade was the first crusade to specifically target heretic Christians – the Cathars of southern...
As the political boundaries of the Roman Empire diminished and collapsed in the West, Christianity spread beyond...
With the establishment of the medieval towns, Italian city-states and maritime republics, the patriciate was a formally...
In philosophy, the notion of virtue played a central role in ethical theory up until the Enlightenment....
The Mongol invasion of Iran began in 1219, after two diplomatic missions to Khwarezm sent by Genghis...
The armies could have involved over 100,000 men on either side who came from all over Europe....
To reach this elevated status became more and more challenging as the Middle Ages wore on. By...
Artillery machines were used to good effect throughout antiquity and the medieval era. By Mark CartwrightHistorian Introduction...
Viking warfare connected with the expansion of Scandinavian influence along the North Atlantic and into the Mediterranean....
Since the early days of monasticism, the presence of nuns led to restrictions that limited contact between...
Completed in 691 CE, the Dome of the Rock is the oldest extant Islamic building in the...
The European explorer Marco Polo (1254-1324 CE) traveled on these routes and described them in depth in...
It began as a power struggle between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV in 1076. Introduction...
Introduced by Richard I in 1194, the taxable value of an estate was initially assessed from the...
The name Byzantine Empire is a modern term and would have been alien to its contemporaries, who...
During the devil’s last apogee in early modern Europe, demonic afflictions were taken seriously by both priests...
The Ottonian dynasty (German: Ottonen) was a Saxon dynasty of German monarchs (919–1024), named after three of its kings and Holy...
West Francia prospered under succeeding kings up through the rise of the Capetian Dynasty. Introduction The Kingdom...
Buddhists performed pilgrimages and other rituals at Borobudur until the temple was abandoned as many Javanese converted...
Despite its grandeur and rich exterior ornamentation, the Javanese abandoned Prambanan within 100 years of its completion...