It began as a power struggle between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV in 1076. Introduction...
Introduced by Richard I in 1194, the taxable value of an estate was initially assessed from the...
Commodus was the first of what would be a century of inept emperors. Introduction Commodus was Roman...
Did one of Rome’s wisest and most revered emperors benefit from an ancient precursor of cognitive psychotherapy?...
Criminal justice reform advocates are sounding the alarm about the tech’s deception, and ramifications. We’ve all heard...
Historically, the overwhelming majority of reforms are top-down, state-engineering initiatives that are never intended or designed to...
The prison was constructed around 640–616 BCE, by Ancus Marcius. Introduction The Mamertine Prison (Italian: Carcere Mamertino), in antiquity the Tullianum,...
The laws aided and legitimized the political power of the aristocracy and allowed them to consolidate their...
An embarrassing end to a career and ironic end to a life. By Gina K. Logue Roy...
Just what was it that the crew of the HMS Daedalus saw? By Matthew Willis On 6...
The name Byzantine Empire is a modern term and would have been alien to its contemporaries, who...
The Roman Empire splintered into three separate political entities: the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire, and the...
In the shadow of the pyramids of Giza lie the tombs of the courtiers and officials who...
Recycling on a large scale is a Bronze Age invention. The circular economy is typically seen as the progressive...
We can either take advantage of advances in technology to enhance human beings (never to go back),...
With its novel vignettes and its use of a camera obscura in the production of the plates,...
A charming watercolor provides insight into the French artist’s private world. A tiny treasure by Édouard Manet...
Saint Trophime, Arles, 12th – 15th century (photo: Elliot Brown, CC BY 2.0) By Christine M. Bolli / 08.08.2015 PhD...
Church of Sainte‐Foy, Conques, France, c. 1050–1130 (photo: jean françois bonachera, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) By Dr. Elisa Foster...
Ireland alone can’t change Israeli policy. But Ireland is determined to lead. The United States hosted Irish...
This followed a long period of tension and violence, marked by the first Jewish uprising which ended...
The outcome was the formation of the Hasmonean Dynasty, an autonomous Jewish rule over Palestine that would...
Governments should heed the expertise of the grassroots nonprofits that witness this scourge firsthand. Robert Kraft, the...
The humiliating failure of the vaunted Maginot Line thrilled the vast majority of Germans, who adored their...
The years 1816 to 1819 saw the last wave of immigration into the United States that basically...
The history of discrimination by the United States Department of Agriculture and the class action lawsuits by...
Examining evidence that enslaved persons were involved in the construction of the original Smithsonian Building in Washington,...
Iconic children’s books and popular media that Gen Xers grew up with are riddled with damaging Native...
The 1830 Indian Removal Act led to the displacement of the Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Cherokee...
The U.S. Senate was designed to be a more deliberative body than the U.S. House. Introduction The...