By making the state inseparable from the sovereign’s image, Louis XIV achieved extraordinary control in the present...
France
Napoleon’s most enduring and dangerous achievement was not territorial expansion or imperial spectacle, but the quiet success...
The reign of Charles VI demonstrates that political systems are often capable of surviving incapacity far longer...
In Ancien Régime France, secret arrest and detention were not anomalies or abuses at the margins of...
The legacy of this sequence shaped the relationship between state and citizen long after the barricades were...
A recurring moment in political life when legitimacy is no longer measured by ideals, participation, or moral...
The Prairial Uprising was sparked by the conservative policies of the Thermidorian Reaction. Introduction The Uprising of...
Her style, like everything Joan did, was a masterpiece. By Dr. Emma Maggie SolbergAssociate Professor of EnglishBowdoin...
How fashion evolved in France in the 1930s and 1940s. By Babeth Étiève-CartwrightHead of TranslationsWorld History Encyclopedia...
The Revolution quickly devolved into violent paranoia, and 20-40,000 people were killed in the Reign of Terror....
21 leading Robespierrists were guillotined without trial in Paris. Introduction The fall of Maximilien Robespierre, or the...
The Girondins, gifted orators, were soon to be known as Brissotins, after their leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot. Introduction...
Examining the actions of Napoleon and his army and how that influenced the Egyptians’ perception of Westerners....
If it now serves as a monument more than a mandate, it is because it accomplished what...
By preserving the past of a regime they overthrew, the French revolutionaries revealed a deeper commitment: to...
French settlers brought a huge range of entertainment to North America. From folk music to dance and...
The Palace was also a mark of 17th-century engineering innovation. By Sonja AndersonDaily Correspondent/ContributorSmithsonian Magazine The sprawling...
They were paranoid to root out counter-revolutionary spies and conspirators, turning citizens against each other. Introduction The Reign...
The British-backed plot began in August 1803. Introduction The Cadoudal Affair, or the Pichegru Conspiracy, was a failed...
Marie Antoinette was immensely unpopular in France. Introduction The trial and execution of Marie Antoinette (1755-1793), formerly the queen...
How a a self-described “errant journalist and literary poacher” gained notoriety. By Dr. Vlad SolomonIndependent Scholar, Modern...
Until the 16th century, local reform movements and peasant revolts were easily suppressed. Introduction As the Protestant Reformation emerged...
A portrait of New France’s colonial administration, describing its structure and the way it worked. Introduction In...
Since the beginning of the 16th century, French Protestants struggled for legitimacy. Introduction The Napoleonic Concordat of...
Nice, a shining gem on the French Riviera, has a history as intricate and fascinating just like...
The federalist revolts were a series of rebellions that erupted in several parts of France in the summer of...
A religious crisis occupied France for ten years before Napoleon Bonaparte. Introduction The Law of Associations was adopted by...
The French photographer Eugène Atget captured the city at a moment of rapid transition. The entrance to...
Robespierre intended to shepherd the French Republic toward a state of absolute virtue, or moral excellence. Introduction...
Napoleon saw saw Poland as an ideal barrier against Russian aggression. Introduction Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, also...